LANGUAGE
> CLASSIFICATION
That Albanian is of clearly Indo-European origin was
recognized by the German philologist, Franz Bopp, in
1854; the details of the main correspondences of Albanian
with Indo-European languages were elaborated by another
German philologist, Gustav Meyer, in the 1880s and 1890s.
Further linguistic refinements were presented by the
Danish linguist Holger Pedersen and the Austrian Norbert
Jokl. The following etymologies illustrate the relationship
of Albanian to Indo-European (an asterisk preceding
a word denotes an unattested, hypothetical Indo-European
parent word, which is written in a conventionalized
orthography): pes' "five" (from *pZnk e); zjarm "fire"
(from *g hermos); nat' "night" (from *nok t-); dh'nd'r
"son-in-law" (from * gem ter-); gjarp'r "snake" (from
*sZrpon-); bjer "bring!" (from *bhere); djeg "I burn"
(from *dheg ho); kam "I have" (from *kapmi); pata "I
had" (from *pot-); pjek "I roast" (from * peko); thom,
thot' "I say, he says" (from *k'emi, *k'et . . .).
The verb system includes many archaic traits, such as
the retention of distinct active and middle personal
endings (as in Greek) and the change of a stem vowel
e in the present to o (from *e) in the past tense, a
feature shared with the Baltic languages. For example,
there is mbledh "gathers (transitive)" as well as mblidhet
"gathers (intransitive), is gathered" in the present
tense, and mblodha "I gathered" with an o in the past.
Because of the superficial changes in the phonetic shape
of the language over 3,000 years and because of the
borrowing of words from neighbouring cultures, the continuity
of the Indo-European heritage in Albanian has been underrated.
Albanian shows no obvious close affinity to any other
Indo-European language; it is plainly the sole modern
survivor of its own subgroup. Of ancient languages,
both Dacian (or Daco-Mysian) and Illyrian have been
tentatively considered its ancestor or nearest relative.
Provided by Andi ,omo
Bibliography: Eric P. Hamp: Readings in Linguistics, Languages
of the World.
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