LANGUAGE
> DIALECTS
The two principal dialects, Gheg in the north and Tosk
in the south, are separated roughly by the Shkumbin
River. Gheg and Tosk have been diverging for at least
a millennium, and their less extreme forms are mutually
intelligible. Gheg has the more marked subvarieties,
the most striking of which are the northernmost and
eastern types, which include those of the city of Shkod‘r
(Scutari), the neighbouring mountains along the Montenegro
border, Kosova, Macedonia, and the isolated village
of Arbanasi (formerly Borgo Erizzo) on the Croatian
coast of Dalmatia outside Zara (Zadar). Arbanasi, founded
in the early 18th century by refugees from near Tivar
(formerly Antivari, Bar), has about 2,000 speakers.
All of the Albanian dialects spoken in Italian and Greek
enclaves are of the Tosk variety, and seem to be related
most closely to the dialect of ‚am‘ria in the extreme
south of Albania. These dialects resulted from incompletely
understood population movements of the 13th and 15th
centuries. The Italian enclaves--nearly 50 scattered
villages-- probably were founded by emigrants from Turkish
rule in Greece. A few isolated outlying dialects of
south Tosk origin are spoken in Bulgaria and Turkish
Thrace but are of unclear date. The language is still
in use in Mandritsa, Bulgaria, at the border near Edirne,
and in an offshoot of this village surviving in M‡ndres,
near Kilk’s in Greece, that dates from the Balkan Wars.
A Tosk enclave near Melitopol in the Ukraine appears
to be of moderately recent settlement from Bulgaria.
The Albanian dialects of Istria, for which a text exists,
and of Syrmia (Srem), for which there is none, have
become extinct.
Provided by Andi ‚omo
Bibliography: Eric P. Hamp: Readings in Linguistics, Languages
of the World.
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